Supplement to the cryptocurrency video: How hard is it to find a 256-bit hash just by guessing and checking? What kind of computer would that take? Cryptocurrency video: https://youtu.be/bBC-nXj3Ng4 Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/
Several people have commented about how 2^256 would be the maximum number of attempts, not the average. This depends on the thing being attempted. If it's guessing a private key, you are correct, but for something like guessing which input to a hash function gives the desired output (as in bitcoin mining, for example), which is the kind of thing I had in mind here, 2^256 would indeed be the average number of attempts needed, at least for a true cryptographic hash function. Think of rolling a die until you get a 6, how many rolls do you need to make, on average?
A visual trick to compute the sum of two normally-distributed variables.
3b1b mailing list: https://3blue1brown.substack.com/
Help fund future projects: https://www.patreon.com/3blue1brown
For the technically curious who want to go deeper, here's a proof of the central limit theorem using Moment generating functions:
https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~yuvalf/CLT.pdf
And here's a nice discussion of methods using entropy:
https://mathoverflow.net/questions/182752/central-limit-theorem-via-maximal-entropy
Relevant previous videos
Central limit theorem
https://youtu.be/zeJD6dqJ5lo
Why π is there, and the Herschel-Maxwell derivation
https://youtu.be/cy8r7WSuT1I
Convolutions and adding random variables
https://youtu.be/IaSGqQa5O-M
Time stamps
0:00 - Recap on where we are
2:10 - What direct calculation would look like
3:38 - The visual trick
8:27 - How this fits into the Central Limit Theorem
12:30 - Mailing list
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These animations are largely made using a custom Python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here:
https://www.3blue1brown.com/faq#manim
https://github.com/3b1b/manim
https://github.com/ManimCommunity/manim/
You can find code for specific videos and projects here:
https://github.com/3b1b/videos/
Music by Vincent Rubinetti.
https://www.vincentrubinetti.com/
Download the music on Bandcamp:
https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown
Stream the music on Spotify:
https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u
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3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe
Various social media stuffs:
Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com
Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown
Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown
Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d_qvLDhkg00
Euler's formula intuition from relating velocities to positions.
Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com
Yeah yeah, the runtime is 4:08, but it's 3.14 minutes to the conclusion.
Not familiar with the calculus referenced in this video? Try taking a look at this one:
https://youtu.be/m2MIpDrF7Es
Another perspective on this formula, from Mathologer:
https://youtu.be/-dhHrg-KbJ0
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v0YEaeIClKY
Potentially pointless patterns in pointless plots of primes
Thanks to Dawid Kołodziej for editing together this short
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSYf3Rs8gKk
Video with the solution: https://youtu.be/as7Gkm7Y7h4
3b1b on a meta-puzzle: https://youtu.be/wTJI_WuZSwE
This comes from a collaboration I did with Stand-up Maths, where on his channel we covered the solution, and here on 3blue1brown we analyze a meta-puzzle.
Editing from long-form to short by Dawid Kołodziej
This comes from a collaboration I did with Stand-up Maths, where on his channel we covered the solution, and here on 3blue1brown we analyze a meta-puzzle.
Editing from long-form to short by Dawid Kołodziej
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NQFIU5Exjuo
Experiments with toy SIR models
Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com
Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/sir-thanks
Simulations by Harry Stevens at the Washington Post:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/world/corona-simulator/
Simulations by Kevin Simler at Melting Asphalt:
https://meltingasphalt.com/interactive/outbreak/
Excellent visualization of each country's current growth from Minutephysics and Aatish Bhatia:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=54XLXg4fYsc
If you want to hear a mathematician/epidemiologist's summary of COVID-19, I found this MSRI talk very worthwhile:
https://youtu.be/MZ957qhzcjI
Marcel Salathé on Contact Tracing:
https://twitter.com/marcelsalathe/status/1242430736944201730
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These animations are largely made using manim, a scrappy open-source python library: https://github.com/3b1b/manim
The source code for this video is visible here:
https://github.com/3b1b/manim/blob/shaders/from_3b1b/active/sir.py
If you want to check it out, I feel compelled to warn you that it's not the most well-documented tool, and it has many other quirks you might expect in a library someone wrote with only their own use in mind.
Opening music:
Candlepower by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/
Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/
Other music by Vincent Rubinetti.
Download the music on Bandcamp:
https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown
Stream the music on Spotify:
https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u
If you want to contribute translated subtitles or to help review those that have already been made by others and need approval, you can click the gear icon in the video and go to subtitles/cc, then "add subtitles/cc". I really appreciate those who do this, as it helps make the lessons accessible to more people.
------------------
3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe
Various social media stuffs:
Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com
Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown
Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/
Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gxAaO2rsdIs
General exponentials, Love, Schrödinger, and more.
Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com
Brought to you by you: https://3b1b.co/thanks
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The book shown at the start is Vladimir Arnold's (excellent) textbook on ordinary differential equations.
https://amzn.to/3dtXSwj
Need a review of ordinary powers of e?
https://youtu.be/m2MIpDrF7Es
Or of linear algebra?
https://youtu.be/kYB8IZa5AuE
Timetable
0:00 - Definition
6:40 - Dynamics of love
13:17 - General equation
20:03 - On general rotations
22:11 - Visualizing with flow
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Code for this video:
https://github.com/3b1b/videos/blob/master/_2021/matrix_exp.py
These animations made using a custom python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here:
https://www.3blue1brown.com/faq#manim
https://github.com/3b1b/manim
You can find code for specific videos and projects here:
https://github.com/3b1b/videos/
Music by Vincent Rubinetti.
https://www.vincentrubinetti.com/
Download the music on Bandcamp:
https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown
Stream the music on Spotify:
https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u
------------------
3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe: http://3b1b.co/subscribe
Various social media stuffs:
Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com
Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown
Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown_animations/
Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O85OWBJ2ayo
Part 1: https://youtu.be/HEfHFsfGXjs
Part 3: https://youtu.be/brU5yLm9DZM
Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com
Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/clacks-thanks
Many of you shared solutions, attempts, and simulations with me this last week. I loved it! Y'all are the best. Here are just two of my favorites.
By a channel STEM cell: https://youtu.be/ils7GZqp_iE
By Doga Kurkcuoglu: http://bilimneguzellan.net/bouncing-cubes-and-%CF%80-3blue1brown/
And here's a lovely interactive built by GitHub user prajwalsouza after watching this video: https://prajwalsouza.github.io/Experiments/Colliding-Blocks.html
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jsYwFizhncE
An animated introduction to the Fourier Transform.
Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/
Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/fourier-thanks
Puzzler at the end by Jane Street: https://janestreet.com/3b1b
Follow-on video about the uncertainty principle: https://youtu.be/MBnnXbOM5S4
Interactive made by a viewer inspired by this video:
https://prajwalsouza.github.io/Experiments/Fourier-Transform-Visualization.html
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=spUNpyF58BY
What's actually happening to a neural network as it learns?
Next video: https://youtu.be/tIeHLnjs5U8
Brought to you by you: http://3b1b.co/nn3-thanks
And by CrowdFlower: http://3b1b.co/crowdflower
Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com/
The following video is sort of an appendix to this one. The main goal with the follow-on video is to show the connection between the visual walkthrough here, and the representation of these "nudges" in terms of partial derivatives that you will find when reading about backpropagation in other resources, like Michael Nielsen's book or Chis Olah's blog.
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ilg3gGewQ5U