The Political Economy of Ottoman Public Debt: Insolvency and European Financial Control in the Late Nineteenth Century
Author: Murat Birdal File Type: pdf In the late nineteenth century many debtor countries faced severe external debt service problems and eventually had to agree on new contracts for the settlement of their debts. This process always involved power asymmetries in favour of the creditors. In some cases, the lenders were satisfied by institutional changes aimed at securing the repayment of their loans, and the creation of opportunities to further their economic or political gains. In other cases, the lenders went even further and seized direct control of the fiscal revenues of the debtor countries. Among these countries, the Ottomans present a unique case of an empire gradually dissolved and peripheralized within the capitalist world economy. This book analyzes the external debt crisis in the Ottoman Empire by focusing on the institutional changes following the establishment of the Ottoman Public Debt Administration (OPDA) and its role in the peripheralization of the Ottoman economy. _x000D_ _x000D_ The limitations of a pre-capitalist economy largely based on subsistence production determined the limited external trade potential of the empire. The institutional reforms initiated by the OPDA restructured the export oriented sectors of the Ottoman economy, contributed to the gradual dissolution of subsistence production, and consequently boosted external trade of the empire. Moreover, the expansion of foreign trade was accompanied by a drastic increase in foreign direct investment after the establishment of the OPDA, which created a safer environment for foreign investment. Within this framework, Murat Birdal demonstrates the dual role played of the OPDA. On the one hand, the OPDA represented a striking example of colonization through lending arguments, due to its pivotal role in the exacerbation of European imperialism. On the other, the OPDA made a significant contribution to the modernization of Turkish public financial administration and the establishment of a public enterprise system, which later formed the backbone of the modern Turkish economy. _x000D_ _x000D_ Murat Birdal here provides the first in-depth study of the Ottoman Public Debt Administration. This book will be invaluable to scholars of Ottoman, Middle East and economic history._x000D_
Author: Andrew Hiscock
File Type: pdf
The Routledge Handbook of Shakespeare and Memory introduces this vibrant field of study to students and scholars, whilst defining and extending critical debates in the area. The book begins with a series of Critical Introductions offering an overview of memory in particular areas of Shakespeare such as theatre, print culture, visual arts, post-colonial adaptation and new media. These essays both introduce the topic but also explore specific areas such as the way in which Shakespeares representation in the visual arts created a national and then a global poet. The entries then develop into more specific studies of the genre of Shakespeare, with sections on Tragedy, History, Comedy and Poetry, which include insightful readings of specific key plays. The book ends with a state of the art review of the area, charting major contributions to the debate, and illuminating areas for further study. The international range of contributors explore the nature of memory in religious, political, emotional and economic terms which are not only relevant to Shakespearean times, but to the way we think and read now.
Author: Mark Honigsbaum
File Type: pdf
Influenza was the great killer of the nineteenth and twentieth century. Theso called Russian flu killed about 1 million people across Europe in 1889 including the second-in-line to the British throne, the Duke of Clarence. The Spanish flu of 1918, meanwhile, would kill 50 million people nearly 3% of the worlds population. Here, Mark Honigsbaum outlines the history of influenza in the period, and describes how the fear of disease permeated Victorian culture. These fears were amplified by the invention of the telegraph and the ability of the new mass-market press to whip up public hysteria. The flu was therefore a barometer of widerfin de sieclesocial and cultural anxieties - playing on fears engendered by economic decline, technology, urbanisation and degeneration.A History of the Great Influenza Pandemicsis a vital new contribution towards our understanding of European history and the history of the media.About the Author Mark Honigsbaum is Lecturer in the History of Medicine at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, and gained his DPhil at Queen Mary University. He is the author of The Fever Trail In Search of the Cure for Malaria (2001). His second book Living With Enza The Forgotten Story of Britain and the Great Flu Pandemic of 1918 (2009) was nominated as science book of the year by the Royal Society.
Author: Michael W. Lucas
File Type: pdf
FreeBSD is a powerful, flexible, and cost-effective UNIX-based operating system, and the preferred server platform for many enterprises. Includes coverage of installation, networking, add-on software, security, network services, system performance, kernel tweaking, file systems, SCSI & RAID configurations, SMP, upgrading, monitoring, crash debugging, BSD in the office, and emulating other OSs.Review...a practical how-to guide for managing FreeBSD. -- SOUTHPOINT.com...a very fine piece of work. -- LOGIN THE MAGAZINE FOR USENIX AND SAGEGreat content. Easy to understand. This is a great first book on BSD -- TECHWEEK TVHighly practical, and deliberately written to be accessible to users of all skill and experience levels... -- THE MIDWEST BOOK REVIEWpacked with a lot of information. -- DAEMON NEWSAbout the AuthorMichael W. Lucas is a networksecurity engineer who keeps getting stuck with network problems nobody else wants to touch. He is the author of the critically acclaimed Absolute FreeBSD, Absolute OpenBSD, Cisco Routers for the Desperate, and PGP & GPG, all from No Starch Press.
Author: John L. Esposito
File Type: pdf
The landscape of the Middle East has changed dramatically since 2011, as have the political arena and the discourse around democracy. In Islam and Democracy after the Arab Spring, John L. Esposito, John Voll, and Tamara Sonn examine the state of democracy in Muslim-majority societies today. Applying a twenty-first century perspective to the question of whether Islam is compatible with democracy, they redirect the conversation toward a new politics of democracy that transcends both secular authoritarianism and Political Islam. While the opposition movements of the Arab Spring vary from country to country, each has raised questions regarding equality, economic justice, democratic participation, and the relationship between Islam and democracy in their respective countries. Does democracy require a secular political regime? Are religious movements the most effective opponents of authoritarian secularist regimes? Esposito, Voll, and Sonn examine these questions and shed light on how these opposition movements reflect the new global realities of media communication and sources of influence and power. Positioned for a broad readership of scholars and students, policy-makers, and media experts, Islam and Democracy after the Arab Spring will quickly become a go-to for all who watch the Middle East, inside and outside of academia. **
Author: Sharon Olds
File Type: epub
Sharon Olds completes her cycle of family poems in a book at once intense and harmonic, playful with language, and rich with a new self-awareness and sense of irony. The opening poem, with its sequence of fearsome images of war, serves as a prelude to poems of home in which humor, anger, and compassion sing together with lyric energysometimes comic, sometimes filled with a kind of unblinking forgiveness. These songs of joy and dangerpublic and privateilluminate one another. As the book unfolds, the portrait of the mother goes through a moving revisioning, leading us to a final series of elegies of hard-won mourning. One Secret Thing is charged throughout with Sharon Oldss characteristic passion, imagination, and poetic power. The doctor on the phone was young, maybe on hisfirst rotation in the emergency room.On the ancient boarding-school radio,in the attic hall, the announcer had given myboyfriends name as one of twobrought to the hospital after the sunriseservice, the egg-hunt, the crashone of themcritical, one of them dead. I was looking at thestairwell banisters, at their lathing,the necks and knobs like joints and bones,the varnish here thicker here thinnerI had saidWhich one of them died, and now the world wasan ants world the huge crumb of eachsecond thrown, somehow, up ontomy back, and the young, tired voicesaid my fresh loves name. from Easter 1960 From the Trade Paperback edition.**
Author: Rolf Burger
File Type: pdf
This work starts with a short history of computer viruses, and describes how a virus can take hold of a PC. Also includes information on the creation and removal of computer viruses plus several rudimentary programs that demonstrate some of the ways a virus infects a PC.
Author: Daisy L. Neijmann
File Type: pdf
Colloquial Icelandic is easy to use and completely up to date!Specially written by experienced teachers for self-study or class use, the course offers a step-by-step approach to written and spoken Icelandic. No prior knowledge of the language is required.What makes Colloquial Icelandic your best choice in personal language learning?ullInteractive lots of exercises for regular practicellClear concise grammar notesllPractical useful vocabulary and pronunciation guidellComplete including answer key and reference sectionlulBy the end of this rewarding course, you will be able to communicate confidently and effectively in Icelandic in a broad range of everyday situations.These two CDs are an invaluable component of the Colloquial Icelandic course. Recorded by native Icelandic speakers it complements the book and will help you develop your pronunciation and listening skills.About the AuthorDaisy Neijmann is the Hallador Laxness Lecturer in Icelandic at University College London.
Author: Leigh Nicholson
File Type: mobi
Oil Games This intriguing and entertaining narrative lifts the veil off the secretive and exclusive business of oil trading and provides a rare view of the bizarre reality of living in Dubai, the oldest trading post in the most influential centre of world oil production - the Middle East. Oil Games provides a unique window into the fascinating and utterly different customs and culture of modern-day Arabia and reveals the serious but fickle nature of the corporate games and the extraordinary characters that dominate the oil markets in the Middle East and Africa. Leigh Nicholson, a single woman in her mid-30s, trading millions of dollars worth of oil on behalf of her international clients, is one of a kind. Armed with a bottle of vodka, Leigh takes us on her flamboyant journeys through wild and mystical countries, seeking refuge from her larger than life existence by writing letters to her pals, recanting tales of The Snake Charmer, The Viper, The Weasel and other animals who inhabit the mad, bad world of oil trading. **