simply replacing the original strontium nitrate with 590mg of ultrapure calcium nitrate tetrahydrate will make a blue glow in the dark powder. ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VZ7-7HOwBV8
In a variation of luminol chemiluminescence, we make a coin appear to glow with ghostly trails.
Get 10mg of luminol and dissolve it in 10mL of 10% ammonia solution, the exact concentration isn't critical. Then add 1mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide and dilute the whole solution into 100mL of distilled water.
Get a piece of copper metal, a penny will do, and drop it in with the lights out.
The penny will start to glow as the surface dissolves to form a copper amine complex. The complex catalyzes the reaction of hydrogen peroxide on luminol and causes the solution near the coin to glow. Bright trails can be seen if the copper is moved.
Eventually the concentration of copper in solution rises to the point that all of solution glows and masks the glow near the coin. The reaction will quickly extinguish as the luminol is used up.
...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CQ4145kogvY
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Use the discount code "nurdrage" for a 5% discount.
In this video we demonstrate the Soxhlet extractor.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qiRBLfezuxs
In this video we make ammonia gas and dissolve it water from various chemicals easily accessible to the amateur.
The first method is merely boiling household ammonia solution that's domestically available from the local supermarket. The ammonia boiled out is lead into cold water where it can be dissolved. While this did work the yield was quite low at around 2.5g per 100mL of household ammonia solution. From the 600mL of ammonia solution used only about 15g was obtained.
The second method was to revisit the classic method to produce sodium nitrate from ammonium nitrate and sodium hydroxide by dissolving them both separately in water and then mixing them together and trying to boil out the ammonia. This worked terribly and i got almost no yield at all.
The third method that seemed to work the best was to react urea and sodium hydroxide in water. This reaction was well-behaved, steady and easily performed with domestically available chemicals. Starting from 200mL water, 90g urea and 120g sodium hydroxide, about 38.6g of ammonia was obtained.
I intend to use the ammonia in a future project to make nitric acid.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0-jJ5QF-EVE
In this video we finally make Pyrimethamine. Pyrimethamine is also known as Daraprim.
Related videos:
Make 2-(p-chlorophenyl)-3-oxopentanenitrile:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5oAZyhPx_ws
Getting Guanidine Carbonate and Hydrochloride from No-Lye Hair Relaxants:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wmWTF3lBDEI
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5kZi3J2S52E
Some lab notes for the month of august 2020
I was exploring more nitric acid and wanted to see if calcium nitrate and sodium bisulfate would be viable. The rationale is that the reaction of calcium nitrate and sulfuric acid is well-known but almost never done directly since it produces insoluble calcium sulphate that solidifies into a rock in the flask. It has to be drilled out and risks break the flask. The traditional way to use calcium nitrate is the "wet process" where we first mix it with water and then add sulfuric acid. The calcium sulfate precipitates out and the dilute nitric acid is filtered and purified by distillation. This is slow and laborious so i was wondering if sodium bisulfate could be advantageous in producing a residue that didn't need to be drilled. This would save time and less risk of breaking glassware.
So i mixed 49g of calcium ammonium nitrate decahydrate with 150g of sodium bisulfate monohydrate and heated it directly in the "dry process" of making nitric acid. Nitric acid was distilled over and the yield was 85%. But more importantly the solid residue of sodium sulfate, sodium bisulfate and calcium sulfate was soluble. Upon addition of water it dissolved into a slurry that could easily be poured out. So i think the process is superior to using sulfuric acid as there is overall less labor involved.
For thoroughness i also tried the wet process by first dissolving the calcium nitrate in 50mL of water and adding sodium bisulfate. After distillation the yield was 95% but with 50mL of extra water diluting it. Personally i prefer higher concentration acid and don't mind the lower yields of the dry process.
Anyway. I was going to do additional nitric acid experiments but my hotplate failed.
Turns out the temperature sensor failed open and the safety limit of the hotplate refused to turn it on. It was a simple matter of finding the broken sensor and replacing it. The interesting note is that the hotplate uses a PT1000 RTD and it seemed the original was spot welded in. I didn't have spot welding capability so i used copper foil to crimp the connection.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xa2OMNaHn_Y
In this video we demonstrate the structural failure of an aluminum baseball bat induced by gallium metal.
First the aluminum metal baseball bat is filed to removed the surface layer of paint and aluminum oxide. The bat is then placed in a beaker of molten gallium and allowed to diffuse through for a couple of days. Afterward the normally strong bat is rendered extremely weak and can easily be broken with just physical strength.
What's happening is the gallium metal is diffusing in between the grain boundaries of the aluminum microcrystals and disrupts their bonding. Being unable to bond together the aluminum is rendered extremely weak. Some of the aluminum also dissolves into the gallium to form an alloy. Some people say it's an amalgam but that's a misnomer. Amalgams are mercury based alloys. Just like steels are normally iron based alloys. While some specific gallium alloys have specific names like galinstan, as a class, gallium alloys don't have a special name and they're just called alloys, they're not amalgams.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXs_pbZyaFg
In this video we explore the colorful science of fluorescence.
A really cool way to play with fluorescence at home is get a blue or violet laser pointer and shine it into a dish or jar of water where you have added a drop of fluorescent highlighter fluid. You'll clearly see the beam as the solution fluoresces in its path.
Now the common definition of fluorescent is something that glows a visible color when exposed to ultraviolet light. Fluorescence is actually much broader than that and you don't need ultraviolet light in particular. For example in the yellow fluorescent dye "rubrene" both violet and green lasers will activate it and glow yellow. This proves you don't always need ultraviolet light. But a red laser will not activate a yellow dye. Why is that?
What's happening in fluorescence is that the incoming light raises the energy of the electrons in the molecule to an excited state. The electrons then lose a bit of energy due to vibrations of the molecules. And finally the electrons return to the ground state by releasing light. Now since energy cannot be created or destroyed and a bit of energy was already lost as heat in the vibrations of the molecules, the energy of light emitted must have lower energy than the light absorbed.
So since the yellow fluorescent dye emits yellow light, we need to use light of higher energy like violet and green for it to glow. Red is lower energy than yellow light so it can't excite the dye.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CcssdJf0pKQ
In this video we discuss the Clevenger Apparatus, a useful type of Dean-Stark apparatus that can be used in both light return and heavy return modes.
Related Videos:
The Dean Stark Apparatus: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jxgpLp279Yc
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In this video we make gold by reduction of chloroauric acid with sodium metabisulfite.
4 grams of sodium metabisulfite is dissolved in 10mL of water.
About 2mL of water is added to 2.6g chloroauric acid to dissolve it. Now the sodium metabisulfite is added in drop by drop.
The sodium metabisulfite is reacts with the chloroauric acid to produce elemental gold, hydrochloric acid and sodium bisulfate. That brown precipitate you're seeing is actually the gold. It doesn't look like common gold because the particles of gold produced here are so small and rough that they don't reflect light in the way smooth bulk gold does. Just like how very fine sand is dull but glass is clear and shiny.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AHsPkoO4wKw