Problems of Consciousness (Intro Psych Tutorial #97)
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In this video I begin the unit on consciousness by considering a number of problems associated with understanding consciousness. These include the mind-body problem, the problem of other minds, and the hard problem of consciousness. While we don't have solutions to these problems, we can still study certain aspects of consciousness and attempt to understand the characteristics of consciousness, levels of consciousness, and altered states of consciousness.
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In this video I describe some symptoms and prevalence of several disorders in the Neurodevelopmental Disorders category of the DSM-5. This category includes intellectual disability, communication disorders, learning disorders, and motor disorders. In this video I focus on Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder.
Please note that the symptoms described in this video are not comprehensive and there are other symptoms involved in diagnosis for each of these disorders.
Related video on Autism Spectrum Disorder and Cognitive Development here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sq1vMELzJZA
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gb3wcEtswFg
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In this video I end the unit on cognition with the reminder that heuristics are not just about making errors in decision-making. Most of the time heuristics work well and they serve as useful tools for making sense of the world and being able to make decisions with limited information. In some cases they can even make less information more useful for getting to the correct answer, as demonstrated by Daniel Goldstein and Gerd Gigenrenzer's study on the recognition heuristic. Our penchant for shortcuts also helps us to develop greater efficiency and enables the lightning-fast decision-making of chess grandmasters, baseball batters, and chicken sexers. As we make our way through the world heuristics may occasionally cause us to stumble but we shouldn't ignore those times they enable us to leap.
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Daniel Kahneman - Thinking, Fast and Slow (Amazon)
http://amzn.to/2nAWnop
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NgkG-NgfKAY
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In this video I describe some specific genetic disorders that are known to have negative consequences for intellectual development including Down Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome, Williams Syndrome, and Phenylketonuria.
Introduction to Williams Syndrome: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M6n4z0XjPh4
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lLxYDkZeS4M
In this video I explain the third variable problem in correlational studies, how matched samples and matched pairs can be used to eliminate a possible third variable, and why measurement alone can never truly solve the third variable problem.
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Enable closed-captioning or find a full transcript of this video here: http://www.psychexamreview.com/the-third-variable-problem/
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZvHyuJBeCyk
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In this video I consider that while broad environmental factors like nutrition and education can't fully account for racial gaps in IQ, more subtle effects on individuals may help to explain some of these differences. Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson propsed a theory of stereotype threat which suggests that anxiety relating to confirming negative stereotypes may hinder performance. This isn't just for race and can include other aspects of identity which may have relevant negative stereotypes associated with them (for gender, orientation, age, etc.). This means that stereotypes could negatively impact performance even when we have valid, reliable, and unbiased tests, unbiased administrators, and subjects who don't actually believe the negative stereotypes.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LnGu2mXKhMo
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In this video I cover the second box in the 3-box model, short-term memory, in greater detail. I explain the limited capacity of this store, George Miller's “Magical Number 7”, and how organizational encoding and chunking may appear to expand this capacity without necessarily increasing the number of “items” being held. This concept of organizing and manipulating information in this store brings us to Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch's model of working memory. This model includes 4 main parts; a central executive, the visuospatial sketchpad, the phonological loop, and the episodic buffer (added later). This working memory model accounts for our ability to manipulate incoming information and also draw upon existing long-term memory.
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George Miller – The Magical Number 7 Plus or Minus 2
http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Miller/
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rvEe4ADrRu8
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In this video I briefly describe the work of William Masters and Virginia Johnson in identifying 4 distinct phases of the human sexual response cycle: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4q_-D-pifiw
In this video I cover properties, operational definitions, and construct validity. Understanding these concepts is fundamental for determining which conclusions can be drawn from a study and should always be kept in mind when considering interpretations of research.
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Enable closed-captioning or find a full transcript of this video here: http://www.psychexamreview.com/operational-definitions-and-construct-validity/
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUPLYxzRU4s
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In this video I discuss the relationship between the stress response and the social hierarchy. While high status in a hierarchy can be associated with greater control and less stress, it can also be the case that high status positions involve constant challenges and this can increase stress and levels of glucocorticoids. Human hierarchies are also difficult to assess because we are all part of many hierarchies and the relative importance of these hierarchies is subjective and can vary dramatically. When it comes to socioeconomic status, higher positions are associated with better health outcomes, as demonstrated in the Whitehall studies led by Michael Marmot. Poverty is a major risk factor for many negative health outcomes and these may result from the many physical, psychological, and environmental stressors related to poverty. Once basic needs are met, however, social status and stress are harder to evaluate due to each individual's positions across a unique combination of different hierarchies.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=acIBafRwTmE