Author: John A. Holm File Type: pdf This textbook is a clear and concise introduction to the study of how new languages come into being. Starting with an overview of the fieldis basic concepts, it surveys the new languages that developed as a result of the European expansion to the Americas, Africa, Asia and the Pacific. Long misunderstood as ebadi versions of European languages, today such varieties as Jamaican Creole English, Haitian Creole French and New Guinea Pidgin are recognized as distinct languages in their own right. John Holm examines the structure of these pidgins and creoles, the social history of their speakers, and the theories put forward to explain how their vocabularies, sound systems and grammars evolved. His new findings on structural typology, including non-Atlantic creoles, permit a wide-ranging assessment of the nature of restructured languages worldwide. This much-needed book will be welcomed by students and researchers in linguistics, sociolinguistics, western European languages, anthropology and sociology.
Author: Federica Ciccolella
File Type: pdf
The starting point generally acknowledged for the revival of Greek studies in the West is 1397, when the Byzantine Manuel Chrysoloras began to teach Greek in Florence. With his Erotemata, Chrysoloras gave to Westerners a tool to learn Greek the search for the ideal Greek textbook, however, continued even after the publication of the best Byzantine-humanist grammars. The four Greek Donati edited in this book - Latinate Greek grammars, based on the Latin schoolbook entitled Ianua or Donatus - belong to the many pedagogical experiments documented in manuscripts. They attest to a tradition of Greek studies that probably originated in Venice andor Crete a tradition certainly inferior to the Florentine scholarship in quality and circulation, but still important in the cultural history of the Renaissance.About the AuthorFederica Ciccolella, Dottorato (1991) in Classics, Universita di Torino and Ph.D. (2004) in Classical Studies, Columbia University, is Assistant Professor at Texas A&M University. She has published on Byzantine poetry (Cinque poeti bizantini, Alessandria 2000) and the reception of antiquity in the Renaissance.
Author: Ross Knox Bassett
File Type: pdf
The metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistor is the fundamental element of digital electronics. The tens of millions of transistors in a typical homein personal computers, automobiles, appliances, and toysare almost all derive from MOS transistors. To the Digital Age examines for the first time the history of this remarkable device, which overthrew the previously dominant bipolar transistor and made digital electronics ubiquitous. Combining technological with corporate history, To the Digital Age examines the breakthroughs of individual innovators as well as the research and development power (and problems) of large companies such as IBM, Intel, and Fairchild. Bassett discusses how the MOS transistor was invented but spurned at Bell Labs, and then how, in the early 1960s, spurred on by the possibilities of integrated circuits, RCA, Fairchild, and IBM all launched substantial MOS R & D programs. The development of the MOS transistor involved an industry-wide effort, and Bassett emphasizes how communication among researchers from different firms played a critical role in advancing the new technology. Bassett sheds substantial new light on the development of the integrated circuit, Moores Law, the success of Silicon Valley start-ups as compared to vertically integrated East Coast firms, the development of the microprocessor, and IBMs multi-billion-dollar losses in the early 1990s. To the Digital Age offers a captivating account of the intricate R & D process behind a technological device that transformed modern society. **
Author: Edvard Radzinsky
File Type: epub
From the bestselling author of Stalin and The Last Tsar comes The Rasputin File, a remarkable biography of the mystical monk and bizarre philanderer whose role in the demise of the Romanovs and the start of the revolution can only now be fully known. For almost a century, historians could only speculate about the role Grigory Rasputin played in the downfall of tsarist Russia. But in 1995 a lost file from the State Archives turned up, a file that contained the complete interrogations of Rasputins inner circle. With this extensive and explicit amplification of the historical record, Edvard Radzinsky has written a definitive biography, reconstructing in full the fascinating life of an improbable holy man who changed the course of Russian history. Translated from the Russian by Judson Rosengrant. **
Author: Maghiel van Crevel
File Type: pdf
Chinese Poetry in Times of Mind, Mayhem and Money is a groundbreaking contribution to scholarship, well-suited to classroom use in that it combines rigorous analysis with a lively style. Covering the period from 1980s to the present, it is organized around the notions of text, context and metatext, meaning poetry, its socio-political and cultural surroundings, and critical discourse in the broadest sense. The authors and issues studied include Han Dong, Haizi, Xi Chuan, Yu Jian, Sun Wenbo, Yang Lian, Wang Jiaxin, Bei Dao, Yin Lichuan, Shen Haobo and Yan Jun, and everything from the subtleties of poetic rhythm to exile-bashing in domestic media. This book has room for all that poetry is cultural heritage, symbolic capital, intellectual endeavor, social commentary, emotional expression, music and the materiality of language - art, in a word.About the AuthorThis monograph fully confirms Maghiel Van Crevels status as the worlds leading expert on contemporary Chinese poetry. His extremely meticulous documentation, his unbiased approach to a wide range of poets and poems, his terminological consistency and theoretical originality all combine to make this book outclass anything written previously on this topic, whether by western scholars or by Chinese scholars. Michel Hockx, Professor of Chinese, SOAS, University of London
Author: Brian R. Doak
File Type: pdf
Authors from the ancient world rarely used great detail to describe the physical features of characters in their works. When they did mention bodies, they did so with very specific goals in mind. In particular, the bodies of heroic figures, such as warriors, kings, and other leaders became loaded sites of meaning for encoding cultural, religious, and political values on a number of fronts. Brian Doak analyzes the way biblical authors described the bodies of some of their most iconic male figures, such as Jacob, the Judges, Saul, and David. These bodies represent not mere individuals-they communicate as national bodies, signaling the ambiguity of Israels murky pre-history, the division during the period of settlement in the land, and the contest of leading bodies fought between Saul and David. Heroic Bodies in Ancient Israel examines the heroic world of ancient Israel within the Hebrew Bible, and shows that ancient Israelite literature operated within and against a world of heroic ideals in its ancient context. The heroic body tells a story of Israels remembered history in the eventual making of the monarchy, marking a new kind of individual power. Not merely a textual study of the Hebrew Bible in isolation, this book also considers iconography and compares Israelite literature with other ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern materials, illustrating Israels place among a wider construction of heroic bodies.
Author: John D. Grainger
File Type: epub
Egypt was the last of the Macedonian Successor states to be swallowed up by Roman expansion. The Ptolemaic rulers had allied themselves to Rome while their rivals went down fighting. However, Cleopatras famous love affair with Marc Antony ensured she was on the wrong side of the Roman civil war between him and Octavian (later to become Caesar Augustus). After the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra at the naval battle of Actium, Octavian swiftly brought Egypt under direct Roman control, though it took several campaigns to fully subjugate the whole country. These campaigns have previously been largely neglected.??Judaea was a constant source of trouble for the Romans, as it had been for the Seleucids, the previous overlords of the region. The Romans at first were content to rule through client kings like the infamous Herod but were increasingly sucked in to direct military involvement to suppress religiously-inspired revolts.??John Graingers clear narrative and insightful analysis of these campaigns allows the reader to understand how Rome eventually brought this strategically vital region fully within their empire.
Author: Robert Morrissey
File Type: pdf
From the outset of Napoleons career, the charismatic Corsican was compared to mythic heroes of antiquity like Achilles, and even today he remains the apotheosis of French glory, a value deeply embedded in the countrys history. From this angle, the Napoleonic era can be viewed as the final chapter in the battle of the Ancients and Moderns. In this book, Robert Morrissey presents a literary and cultural history of glory and its development in France and explores the economy of glory Napoleon sought to implement in an attempt to heal the divide between the Old Regime and the Revolution. Examining how Napoleon saw glory as a means of escaping the impasse of Revolutionary ideas of radical egalitarianism, Morrissey illustrates the challenge the leader faced in reconciling the antagonistic values of virtue and self-interest, heroism and equality. He reveals that the economy of glory was both egalitarian, creating the possibility of an aristocracy based on merit rather than wealth, and traditional, being deeply embedded in the history of aristocratic chivalry and the monarchymaking it the heart of Napoleons politics of fusion. Going beyond Napoleon, Morrissey considers how figures of French romanticism such as Chateaubriand, Balzac, and Hugo constantly reevaluated this legacy of glory and its consequences for modernity. Available for the first time in English, The Economy of Glory is a sophisticated and beautifully written addition to French history. **
Author: Alexander Berzin
File Type: pdf
The relationship between a teacher and student can be a most rewarding and life-enhancing experience, yet it can also be fraught with problems and misunderstandings. For Westerners working with Eastern teachers, the difficulties can be compounded by cultural differences, language barriers, and divergent expectations.Wise Teacher, Wise Student examines the teacher-student relationship as it is understood in the Tibetan Buddhist context. The author surveys a wide spectrum of situations, exploring the causes of potential pitfalls. In illuminating the sources of misunderstandings, he offers methods to heal wounds and encourage healthy relationships.ReviewAlex Berzin has taken head-on one of the hottest issues of Buddhism in the West-the teacher-student and guru-disciple relationship. I consider this a seminal work. (Lama Surya Das, author of Letting Go of the Person You Used to Be )This is the most thoughtful and comprehensive book yet written on the teacher-student relationship. Alex Berzin provides readers with both clear-eyed wisdom and extraordinary knowledge of the Tibetan Buddhist tradition. (Jack Kornfield, author of The Art of Forgiveness, Lovingkindness and Peace )This is a splendid book, covering cultural considerations, the traditional meanings and types of both teacher and seeker, and the dynamics of a healthy relationship. He confronts fears, blocks, over-dependence, rebellion, transference and regression. A very helpful handbook. (Mandala Magazine, Editors Choice )An informative, thoughtful, and in-depth approach to the mentor-student relationship, this book will benefit both newcomers to the path and more advanced practitioners. (Ven. Thubten Chodron, author of Buddhism for Beginners )Alex Berzins work is the first serious attempt to write a comprehensive study of the issues involved in the student-teacher relationship in Buddhism. It is to be hoped that this will be the vanguard of a whole genre of literature on this important and controversial subject. (Shenpen Hookham, author of The Buddha Within ) About the AuthorAlexander Berzin received a joint doctorate between the Departments of Far Eastern Languages and Sanskrit and Indian Studies at Harvard University in 1972. He lived in India for twenty-nine years, studying under his main teacher, Tsenzhab Serkong Rinpochey, and other lamas, including His Holiness the Dalai Lama. Over the past twenty years, Berzin has published widely and taught in over seventy countries, explaining Buddhist philosophy and clarifying its complexities for people all over the world.
Author: Marsilius Of Padua
File Type: pdf
In his The Defender of the Peace, Marsilius of Padua offers a detailed analysis and explanation of human political communities, before going on to attack what he sees as the obstacles to peaceful human coexistence - principally the contemporary papacy. Annabel Bretts authoritative rendition of the Defensor Pacis is the first new translation in English for fifty years. Aimed at the student reader encountering this classic of medieval thought for the first time, this new edition is a scholarly and a pedagogic event of great importance to historians, political theorists, theologians and philosophers at all levels from second-year undergraduate upwards.ReviewThe lucid an readable translation, along with the informative and often insightful annotations and a comprehensive bibliography, promises to produce a new generation of students who are fascinated by this remarkably idiosyncratic political text. Journal of Ecclesiastical HistoryBretts version of the Defensor sufficiently improves on Gewirths that it promises to become the standard English translation for the foreseeable future. Political Studies Review Book DescriptionThe Defender of the Peace of Marsilius of Padua is a massively influential text in the history of western political thought. Marsilius offers a detailed explanation of human political communities, before going on to attack what he sees as the obstacles to peaceful human coexistence. Annabel Bretts authoritative rendition of the Defensor Pacis is the first new translation in English for fifty years, and includes a chronology, notes for further reading, and up-to-date annotation aimed at the student reader encountering this classic of medieval thought for the first time.