In this video we show how to use Anodization to give colors to silver coins, also known as toning.
First we mix 200mL of water, 10g of powdered sulfur and 20g of sodium hydroxide and stir for ten minutes or so. This forms a solution of sodium polysulfides.
Then we place in the solution our silver object, in this case a silver coin. We attach the positive terminal of a battery, 1.5 volts is good, to the coin and touch the negative end to solution away from the coin. The silver will get oxidized by the current and form silver sulfide. The layer of silver sulfide imparts color to the coin depending on thickness which is proportional to the time the current is applied.
In this video we make europium and dysprosium nitrate salts we'll need in upcoming videos.
Instead of buying the salts directly from our chemical supply companies we decided to make them entirely using chemicals anyone can buy online or make themselves. In this case europium metal and dysprosium metal with nitric acid.
The europium and dysprosium metal were purchased online from: http://elementsales.com/
The nitric acid was produced in our nitric acid video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2yE7v4wkuZU
The procedures for both salts is rather simple.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8IFsOmriS8I
In this video we pit the precious metal of platinum against various common chemicals.
Turns out the platinum is resistant to hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and sulfuric acid. But it can be tarnished by molten sodium hydroxide.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fro-L5gSyh4
We show 3 ways to make nitric acid based on two different chemical approaches both of which can be done using easily accessible materials.
Warning: The procedures in this video produce large quantities of toxic gases and deal with highly corrosive acids. All work must be performed in a fume hood with proper safety equipment. And all apparatus must be glass to withstand the acids.
Chemically, nitric acid is made by bubbling nitrogen dioxide into water. So the objective in this approach is to generate nitrogen dioxide. This can be done by reacting hydrochloric acid, a nitrate salt and copper. Around 80grams of sodium nitrate, over 30 grams of copper and 100mL of hydrochloric acid (37% 12M) are the quantities needed. The exact amount isn't critical. For usable concentrations, the amount of water being converted should be small, around 20-50mL.
Any source of nitrate is usable including potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate and even nitrate-based fertilizers. You can use our previous video on testing for nitrates if you want to determine if yours can be used. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f5M3rUqaEYs
The tricky part now is leading the gas into water. Two approaches are shown in the video. In the first approach three containers, such as jars are place inside each other to force the gas to go into the water. This is very inefficient but is very simple to do.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2yE7v4wkuZU
Voting on projects in patreon:
https://www.patreon.com/posts/finalized-list-15685631
Panshine heater: http://www.panshineheater.com/
Special note: Panshine heater is a business supplier, not retail or consumer. So DO NOT expect to be able to buy one unit at a time. You need large minimum orders before they'll even return your emails.
If there is enough interest, i may resell my extras. If there is tremendous interest, i may set up a bulk order.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nc0t7gpXbt4
In these lab notes we attempt terpin hydrate, urushibara nickel and explore sodium production with super-stoichiometric sodium hydroxide.
Related Videos:
"Hydrogenation: transform liquid oil into solid fat" by applied science: https://youtu.be/oqdDWA9-DSY
"Making Margarine: Edible Chem" by Nilered: https://youtu.be/drIm8_1CvjQ
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jv-tJMg-U4c
In this video we obtain the useful solvents diethyl ether and heptane from car starter fluid. Sign up for a free trial at audible: http://audible.com/nurdrage
First, spray the car starter fluid into a flask. Setup a fractional distillation apparatus around the flask but cool the condenser with ice water. Diethyl ether boils at 34.6 degrees Celsius so a room temperature condenser wouldn't be as efficient as an ice temperature condenser. Now start with very light heating and gradually ramp up until diethyl ether starts to distill at 34 celsius or so. Go slowly at first as diethyl ether boils very easily. You'll need to gradually increase the temperature to keep the flow constant. Eventually there will be a spike in distillate temperature as the ether finishes distilling so stop the heating if it passes 70 celsius. The collected product diethyl ether while the residue should be other aliphatic solvents. Most starter fluids contain heptane in addition to ether.
Diethyl ether is useful for grignard reactions and heptane is useful as a general purpose non-reactive non-polar solvent.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r8MwwpSWeq4
Glassware generously provided by http://www.alchemylabsupply.com/
Use the discount code "copper" for a 5% discount.
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In this video we construct and demonstrate a Dean-Stark trap. A very useful piece of equipment when distilling azeotropic mixtures of immisicble liquids.
This video has been generously supported by the following sponsors:
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jxgpLp279Yc
In this cool science experiment we make a thunderstorm in a test tube using alcohol, sulfuric acid and potassium permanganate.
WARNING:This experiment is extremely dangerous as it involves corrosive acids and flammable liquids with a small, but not negligible, chance of a damaging explosion. Face shields, goggles, fire extinguishers and fire safety protocols must be present. This should only be attempted by an experienced chemist.
Just get a test tube of 95% alcohol and carefully pipette a layer in a bottom of sulfuric acid. Then drop in some potassium permanganate crystals.
The reaction of the permanganate and the sulfuric acid produce manganese heptoxide that explodes on contact with organic matter like the alcohol. This also works with acetone.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nyzlt-dVgWQ
In a variation of luminol chemiluminescence, we make a coin appear to glow with ghostly trails. This is an improved version of the original video in 2011
Get 100mg of luminol and dissolve it in 100 mL of 5% ammonia solution, the exact concentration isn't critical. Then add 300 mg of disodium EDTA. Add 10 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide and dilute the whole solution into 900 mL of distilled water.
Get a piece of copper metal, a penny will do, and drop it in with the lights out.
The penny will start to glow as the surface dissolves to form a copper amine complex. The complex catalyzes the reaction of hydrogen peroxide on luminol and causes the solution near the coin to glow. Bright trails can be seen if the copper is moved.
The EDTA will prevent the whole solution from glowing and restrict the reaction to just near the metal. This was a big problem in the original solution. A fortunate side effect is that the useful lifetime of the solution extends out to half an hour rather than just a few minutes.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDMgrgSVjd8