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How to Make Potassium Chlorate from Bleach and sodium-free salt. Warning: This produces small amounts of chlorine gas, this should be done outside or in a fumehood. Potassium chlorate is a useful oxidizer and small amounts can be easily made using household chemicals. Start by boiling a large quantity of household laundry bleach, at least half a liter, until crystals start to precipitate. Immediately take it off heating and let it cool. As it cools make a saturated solution of potassium chloride. Potassium chloride is sold as a "sodium-free" salt substitute. Now once the bleach is cooled, measure out an equal volume of potassium chloride solution and pour into the boiled bleach solution but do not mix in the crystals. Stir up the mixture and eventually potassium chlorate crystals will precipitate out. What's happening is the sodium hypochlorite in the bleach is disproportionating to form sodium chloride and sodium chlorate. Adding the potassium chloride exchanges the ions and precipitates out potassium chlorate. The boiling is required for this reaction to work; you can't simply let the bleach evaporate. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JtxQT7aVDeg

Glassware generously provided by http://www.alchemylabsupply.com/ Use the discount code "copper" for a 5% discount. Donate to NurdRage! Through Patreon (preferred): https://www.patreon.com/NurdRage Through Bitcoin: 1NurdRAge7PNR4ULrbrpcYvc9RC4LDp9pS Burn Steel wool: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MDH92VxPEQ Make thermite: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RiF73l4PjyY ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPnqLSyoEy8

In this video we purify sulfuric acid again using distillation but improve our technique using a ceramic hotplate stirrer and PTFE tape to seal the joints. I start by highlighting the inherent dangers associated with handling sulfuric acid and stress the importance of safety precautions, including wearing protective clothing and performing the procedure in a well-ventilated area or fume hood. I explain why obtaining purified sulfuric acid is essential for certain chemistry experiments and discuss common sources of impure sulfuric acid, such as drain cleaner or battery acid. I then detail the equipment needed for the distillation process and share improvements I've made, like using a ceramic hotplate stirrer and PTFE pipe threading tape for sealing joints. Throughout the video, I emphasize safety measures, such as using a containment bin to mitigate potential glassware failure and avoiding direct contact with boiling sulfuric acid. I provide tips for recognizing when pure sulfuric acid begins to distill over and explain the challenges of achieving concentrations higher than 98%. Additionally, I address safety protocols for handling spills or accidents involving sulfuric acid, including neutralization procedures and the importance of protective gear. I also discuss the chemical properties of sulfuric acid and its various applications in chemistry. Overall, this video serves as a comprehensive guide to safely purifying sulfuric acid for laboratory use while highlighting the risks involved and the precautions necessary to mitigate them. Donate to NurdRage! Through Patreon (preferred): https://www.patreon.com/NurdRage Through Youtube Memberships: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCIgKGGJkt1MrNmhq3vRibYA/join Twitter: https://twitter.com/NurdRage Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/NurdRage/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/nurdrageyoutube/ ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Gb9rM9BJ8I