The Representativeness Heuristic (Intro Psych Tutorial #93)
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In this video I describe another heuristic identified by the work of Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman. The representativeness heuristic is a shortcut that we use when attempting to estimate the odds of something being true, such as whether an interview profile came from a lawyer or an engineer. Rather than using relevant base rate information, participants showed a tendency to rely on prototypes when making this decision.
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In this video I describe the operant boxes used by Skinner (often called “Skinner boxes”) to study the relationship between different schedules of reinforcement and behavior. Then I describe 4 possible schedules of reinforcement including fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, and variable-interval, as well as how random rewards created “superstitious” behaviors in pigeons.
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Video with Skinner showing operant boxes:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA&t=77s
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HOB-jaDk8M8
In this video I discuss early approaches to studying the brain by looking at cases of brain damage and attempting to connect areas of damage to deficits or changes in behavior. The case of Phineas Gage is considered, as well as Paul Broca's work studying brain damage associated with speech production problems such as aphasia.
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Enable closed-captioning or find a full transcript of this video here: http://www.psychexamreview.com/early-ways-of-studying-the-brain/
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvEVMT9Q8qg
You can download a PDF of the questions and answer explanations here: https://psychexamreview.com/research-methods-practice-questions/
This video covers 10 practice multiple choice questions on research methods and statistics used in psychology. I hope this can help you to review your knowledge and understanding, let me know if you have any suggestions for future practice and review videos!
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RgHGtvYUxv0
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In this video I consider the role of culture on perception. The fact that we must learn how to perceive the world creates the possibility that our culture can shape our perception. I provide one example of this, known as the carpentered-world hypothesis, which can used to explain susceptibility to the Müller-Lyer illusion. The carpentered-world hypothesis suggests that cultural experience with parallel lines and right angles increases susceptibility to the illusion by shaping the assumptions that a person makes when viewing the lines.
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Enable closed-captioning or find a full transcript of this video here: http://www.psychexamreview.com/culture-and-perception/
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWWSmERmUvk
In this video I explain the experimental method and how the combination of manipulation and random assignment can help to eliminate the third variable problem. I also explain why random assignment helps avoid self-selection and bias so that we can assess the role of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
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Enable closed-captioning or find a full transcript of this video here: http://www.psychexamreview.com/the-experimental-method/
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MGTkf5eghQ
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In this video I describe the changes associated with puberty and adolescence, ranging from the physical to the socioemotional. Puberty causes major physical changes in both primary and secondary sex characteristics as adolescents become capable of reproduction. Cognitive changes include gradually increasing capabilities for complex thought and improvements in self-regulation. The socioemotional changes of adolescence make peer relationships more important as teens work to form their own identities.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A95zvqZLQ_Q
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In this video I describe 4 characteristics of human consciousness. These include unity, intentionality, selectivity, and transience. The selectivity of our consciousness and our ability to filter out perceptions which are deemed irrelevant can be demonstrated in the Cocktail Party Phenomenon, dichotic listening tasks, and selective attention tasks involving change blindness and inattentional blindness.
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“Flicker” Change Blindness Demo
http://www.gocognitive.net/demo/change-blindness
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M4h0h-U-6es
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In this video I explain some other terminology for describing aspects of classical conditioning including acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, stimulus discrimination, and second-order or higher-order conditioning.
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Enable closed-captioning or find a full transcript of this video here: http://www.psychexamreview.com/extinction-generalization-and-discrimination/
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OSwH175hMoE
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In this video I discuss the use of mnemonic strategies to improve memory. These techniques can serve as “artificial” retrieval cues and are particularly useful for knowledge that doesn't need to be deeply connected to other ideas, such as random facts or lists of items. Mnemonics help to organize and structure this information and aid recall using rhymes, similar sounds, or mental images. I explain how to use the Method of Loci, which is a technique of placing mental images along a familiar journey, and demonstrate this using the 7 memory failures described in previous videos. This method (also known as the Roman Room method or Journey Method) is especially helpful for preserving the sequence of items and this makes it ideal for remembering things like lists or speaking points. Finally I briefly mention more advanced mnemonic techniques which can be applied to challenges like memorizing random numbers or playing cards and which are often used in memory competitions. If you'd like to see more videos detailing advanced mnemonic techniques let me know in the comments below!
Don’t forget to subscribe to the channel to see future videos! Have questions or topics you’d like to see covered in a future video? Let me know by commenting or sending me an email!
Check out my psychology guide: Master Introductory Psychology, a low-priced alternative to a traditional textbook: http://amzn.to/2eTqm5s
Recommended books on mnemonics:
Moonwalking with Einstein: Joshua Foer's experience learning mnemonic strategies to compete in the US memory championship: http://amzn.to/2nkT28X
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IPhKoqxjMRQ