Before Orientalism: Asian Peoples and Cultures in European Travel Writing, 1245-1510
Author: Kim M. Phillips File Type: pdf A distinct European perspective on Asia emerged in the late Middle Ages. Early reports of a homogeneous India of marvels and monsters gave way to accounts written by medieval travelers that indulged readers curiosity about far-flung landscapes and cultures without exhibiting the attitudes evident in the later writings of aspiring imperialists. Mining the accounts of more than twenty Europeans who madeor claimed to have madejourneys to Mongolia, China, India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia between the mid-thirteenth and early sixteenth centuries, Kim Phillips reconstructs a medieval European vision of Asia that was by turns critical, neutral, and admiring. In offering a cultural history of the encounter between medieval Latin Christians and the distant East, Before Orientalism reveals how Europeans prevailing preoccupations with food and eating habits, gender roles, sexualities, civility, and the foreign body helped shape their perceptions of Asian peoples and societies. Phillips gives particular attention to the texts known or likely audiences, the cultural settings within which they found a foothold, and the broader impact of their descriptions, while also considering the motivations of their writers. She reveals in rich detail responses from European travelers that ranged from pragmatism to wonder. Fear of military might, admiration for high standards of civic life and court culture, and even delight in foreign magnificence rarely assumed the kind of secular Eurocentric superiority that would later characterize Orientalism. Placing medieval writing on the East in the context of an emergent Europe whose explorers sought to learn more than to rule, Before Orientalism complicates our understanding of medieval attitudes toward the foreign. **
Author: Stathis N. Kalyvas
File Type: pdf
By analytically decoupling war and violence, this book explores the causes and dynamics of violence in civil war. Against the prevailing view that such violence is an instance of impenetrable madness, the book demonstrates that there is logic to it and that it has much less to do with collective emotions, ideologies, and cultures than currently believed. Kalyvas specifies a novel theory of selective violence it is jointly produced by political actors seeking information and individual civilians trying to avoid the worst but also grabbing what opportunities their predicament affords them. Violence, he finds, is never a simple reflection of the optimal strategy of its users its profoundly interactive character defeats simple maximization logics while producing surprising outcomes, such as relative nonviolence in the frontlines of civil war. **Review While exciting and extensive, the recent literature on civil wars suffers from poorly specified and empirically untested causal mechanisms. Therefore Stathis Kalyvas important study is a welcome contribution to the field, as it reaches an unprecedented level of specificity and detail without sacrificing analytical cogency. Going beyond simplistic dichotomizations, such as greed and grievance, Kalyvas offers compelling evidence that civil wars often contain micro-level actions that have little to do with the main conflict dimension of the war in question. Reflecting both intellectual curiosity and impressive erudition, The Logic of Violence in Civil War promises to become an instant classic in conflict research in particular, and comparative political analysis in general. Lars-Erik Cederman, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich This superb study will be a landmark in the study of civil wars. It is based on deep and broad knowledge and on a remarkably fertile analytical framework. By focusing on the microdynamics of civil wars Kalyvas is both able to lay old misconceptions to rest and to generate and test a wide range of novel ideas. I predict it will be one of those rare books, an instant classic. Jon Elster, College de France Some seventeen million people have been killed in civil war violence in the past half-century. Social science has made considerable headway in figuring out which countries are more or less susceptible to a civil war onset. But it is extraordinary that until the appearance of The Logic of Violence in Civil War, there was a dearth of theory and analysis on the dynamics of killing in civil wars. Stathis N. Kalyvas, through his stunning conceptual clarity, his creative synthesis of the historical record, his theoretical formulation, and his path-breaking microanalysis of the patterns of violence in the Greek civil war, has produced a book that would have, if written by the master, made Niccol- Machiavelli proud. David D. Laitin, Stanford University This book should become required reading for those interested in the study of civil war and insurgency. It is analytically sophisticated, but also encyclopedic in its sweep and discussion of cases from around the world. While academics and specialists will benefit from the work, the material is accessible for more general readership. Furthermore, the work challenges conventional wisdoms and will provoke controversy. Roger Petersen, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Kalyvass main aim...is to theorize the role of violence as a specific and separate factor in civil war. The authors hypothesis is that violence in particular civil war contexts is linked to the level of control that either insurgents or government forces have over a village or region. He tests it against a large amount of empirical data, primarily from areas of Greece during World War II and the subsequent Civil War, and more impressionistically with accounts and micro-level studies of civil wars from elsewhere. Kalyvass point is that violence in civil wars cannot be interpreted as simply irrational brutality, but is rather linked to the pursuit of political objectives. Tara McCormack, Brunel University, Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding Book Description Why is violence in civil war so brutal when it is often taking place between people who know each other? Is such violence an instance of collective madness? This book demonstrates that there is logic to this violence, entailing the joint action of armed organizations and individual civilians.
Author: Eric Patterson
File Type: pdf
Politics in a Religious World examines why US diplomacy oftentimes misunderstands, if not ignores, the role of religion in international conflicts.After the Cold War, it became evident that religion was a key factor in many conflicts, including Bosnia, Rwanda, and Afghanistan. However, the US failed to correctly appreciate this role, for example predicting the failure of the Iranian theocrats in 1979. Today, most of the security and foreign relations challenges faced by the US are infused with religious factors, from its relations with Iran to the Iraq war and jihadist terrorists. Religion, however, can also play a transnational role when it comes to human rights, conflict resolution, and political mobilization. Written by an expert in the field, the book analyzes why the US deliberately avoids the religious dimension of international affairs and proposes a comprehensive approach to a religiously literate US foreign policy. Politics in a Religious World addresses a needed area and will appeal to anyone studying US foreign policy as well as the interaction of religion and international affairs.
Author: George Garrett
File Type: pdf
George Garretts autobiographical work Ten Years On The Parish, published here in full for the first time since it was written in the late 1930s, shines a light on the hardships and poverty endured by many in the years between the wars. Garrett was a merchant seaman, writer, playwright and radical activist, who was central to working class politics and culture in the 1920s and 30s in Liverpool and beyond. He travelled the world, wrote a series of documentary reports about poverty and struggle in the 1920s and 30s, three plays influenced by the new realism of Eugene ONeill, and a series of short stories, which led George Orwell, who met him while researching The Road to Wigan Pier, to say he was very greatly impressed by Garrett. In the late 1930s he was a founder member of Liverpools Unity Theatre. In Ten Years On The Parish Garrett touches upon his time in New York in the early 1920s, gives a graphic account of the unemployed struggles in Liverpool, including The First Hunger March in 1922, and reveals how he personally, as well as others in the working classes, struggled to survive in Liverpool as it was caught up in the great depression of the 1930s. Published alongside Ten Years On The Parish are a series of letters exchanged from January 1935 to July 1940 between Garrett and New Writing editor John Lehmann, which reveal a unique insight into the relationship between a working-class writer and his editor. Both original texts have extensive introductions by the editors, as well as a foreword by Frank Cottrell-Boyce, which establishes the context and importance of Garretts work. This publication gives long-overdue credence to Garretts importance as a writer and radical, whose work occupies a unique and significant position as the central point of a compass linking Liverpools radical, literary, cultural, and maritime history. **
Author: Robert Jay Lifton
File Type: epub
Over his long career as witness to an extreme twentieth century, National Book Awardwinning psychiatrist, historian, and public intellectual Robert Jay Lifton has grappled with the profound effects of nuclear war, terrorism, and genocide. Now he shifts to climate change, which, Lifton writes, presents us with what may be the most demanding and unique psychological task ever required of humankind, what he describes as the task of mobilizing our imaginative resources toward climate sanity.Thanks to the power of corporate-funded climate denialists and the fact that with its slower, incremental sequence, [climate change] lends itself less to the apocalyptic drama, a large swathe of humanity has numbed themselves to the reality of climate change. Yet Lifton draws a message of hope from the Paris climate meeting of 2015 where representatives of virtually all nations joined in the recognition that we are a single species in deep trouble.Here, Lifton suggests in this lucid and moving book that recalls Rachel Carson and Jonathan Schell, was evidence of how we might call upon the human mindour greatest evolutionary assetto translate a growing species awarenessor climate swerveinto action to sustain our habitat and civilization.**ReviewA powerful and well-reasoned call to action. ---Kirkus About the AuthorRobert Jay Lifton is a psychiatrist who has written more than twenty books and edited many others, including many seminal works in the field such as the National Book Award-winning Death in Life Survivors of Hiroshima and The Nazi Doctors Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide. He lives in New York City. Rudy Sanda is a versatile actor, singer, voice-over artist, and fight choreographer. He has appeared on stage and screen in the United States and England, including productions at Laguna Playhouse, Ivoryton Playhouse, and Ocean State Theatre. Rudy holds a BFA in acting from the University of Rhode Island.
Author: Pradeep K. Chhibber
File Type: pdf
Indian party politics, commonly viewed as chaotic, clientelistic, and corrupt, is nevertheless a model for deepening democracy and accommodating diversity. Historically, though, observers have argued that Indian politics is non-ideological in nature. In contrast, Pradeep Chhibber and Rahul Verma contend that the Western European paradigm of ideology is not applicable to many contemporary multiethnic countries. In these more diverse states, the most important ideological debates center on statism-the extent to which the state should dominate and regulate society-and recognition-whether and how the state should accommodate various marginalized groups and protect minority rights from majorities. Using survey data from the Indian National Election Studies and evidence from the Constituent Assembly debates, they show how education, the media, and religious practice transmit the competing ideas that lie at the heart of ideological debates in India. **
Author: Virpi Mäkinen
File Type: pdf
Rights language is a fundamental feature of the modern world. Virtually all significant social and political struggles are waged, and have been waged for over a centurynow, in terms of rights claims. In some ways, it is precisely the birth of modern rights language that ushers in modernity in terms of moral and political thought, and the struggle for a modern way of life seems for many synonymous with the fight for a universal recognition of equal, individual human rights. Where did modern rights language come from? What kinds of rights discourses is it rooted in? What is the specific nature of modern rights discourse when and where were medieval and ancient notions of rights transformed into it? Can one in fact find any single such transformation of medieval into modern rights discourse? This book brings together some of the most central scholars in the history of medieval and early-modern rights discourse. Through the different angles taken byits authors, the volume brings to light the multifaceted nature of rights languages in the medieval and early modern world.From the Back CoverRights language is a fundamental feature of the modern world. Virtually all significant social and political struggles are waged, and have been waged for over a centurynow, in terms of rights claims. In some ways, it is precisely the birth of modern rights language that ushers in modernity in terms of moral and political thought, and the struggle for a modern way of life seems for many synonymous with the fight for a universal recognition of equal, individual human rights. Where did modern rights language come from? What kinds of rights discourses is it rooted in? What is the specific nature of modern rights discourse when and where were medieval and ancient notions of rights transformed into it? Can one in fact find any single such transformation of medieval into modern rights discourse? The present volume brings together some of the most central scholars in the history of medieval and early-modern rights discourse. Through the different angles taken byits authors, the volume brings to light the multifaceted nature of rights languages in the medieval and early modern world.
Author: Christopher J. L. Cunningham
File Type: pdf
Designed to develop and facilitate readers ability to conduct research and understand the practical value of systematic information-gathering and decision-making in the fields of medicine and the health sciences, this book provides step-by-step coverage of the research process including research design, statistical considerations, and guidance on writing and presenting results. Ideal for graduate courses on research methods, quantitative analysis, and evaluation research in health sciences, public health, and medical sciences, this book presents real-world applications of the discussed methodologies and offers key terms and ideas for most chapters.
Author: Margaret Daly-Denton
File Type: pdf
This volume in the Earth Bible Commentary Series suggests how Johns Gospel might motivate and resource a Christian response to the ecological crisis. Margaret Daly-Denton shows how aptly Mary Magdalene recognized the risen Jesus as the gardener (Jn 20.15), completing his days work in the garden of the Earth. The Johannine story of Jesus offers his present day followers a paradigm with considerable potential to inspire Earth care, sustainable living and commitment to eco-justice. The Fourth Evangelist believes that Jesus fulfils the Jewish hope for a restoration envisaged as a return of humankind to Eden. Keeping this theme continually in mind, Daly-Denton reads the gospel with sensitivity to the role of the more-than-human world in the narrative and with particular attention to the scriptural underlay that repeatedly brings this world into the foreground. The commentary begins with an exploration of the memories and associations that the garden setting would have evoked for the intended audience. It then follows the gospels spiral path that eventually leads to the garden of Marys encounter. Each chapter concludes by asking how believers might do Gods work (Jn 6.28) in todays ecologically damaged world and by offering practical suggestions indicative of the reflection that readers of the commentary will be able to do in their own setting. **Review The evocative Johannine text, Supposing Him to be the Gardener, infuses Margaret Daly-Dentons Earth-conscious reading of the Fourth Gospel. She reads with three levels of attentiveness. The fi rst is to those Earth elements such as bread, water and light that are encoded in the text but are so often read for their symbolic import only and not in their materiality. The second is to the impact of fi rst century CE socio-economic and political realities on the land. The focus of the third level is the contemporary consciousness of Earth that accompanies this new reading of the Johannine text. Readers of this beautifully written commentary will be drawn into a rich tapestry of these three layers of meaning-making and will encounter Daly-Dentons expert knowledge of the Johannine text and its intertexts in literature and context. * ELAINE M. WAINWRIGHT, University of Auckland, New Zealand * It should not be surprising that a Gospel about the one through whom all things came into being has profound implications for ecological responsibility, but Daly-Denton is the fi rst major scholar to show this convincingly. Her commentary combines excellent scholarship, deep insight, and prophetic relevance. It is a superb example of what Johns Gospel itself encourages being led into all the truth through a wise blend of rereading scriptures and passionate commitment to Jesus who came for the sake of life in all its fullness. * DAVID F. FORD, Selwyn College, University of Cambridge, UK * `Daly-Denton makes a persuasive case that Jesus is in fact Earths gardener. This beautifully written work draws on contemporary ecological scholarship, as well as archaeology of water supplies and deep resonances with the Hebrew scriptures. In Johns Gospel, Jesus diagnoses Earths ills and invites his followers to be part of Gods healing work, a radical vision for eternal life on Earth, here and now. * BARBARA ROSSING, Lutheran School of Theology, Chicago, USA * To identify with Mary, who believes Jesus to be the gardener, is but a provocative starting point for Margaret Daly-Dentons intense Earth-conscious reading of Johns Gospel. The reader needs to join Daly-Denton in the garden of Earth, from the beginning when the Word creates Earth and all Earth beings, including the Garden of Eden, to the gardens associated with the crucifi xion and resurrection of Jesus. A garden context stimulates an Earth consciousness that Daly-Denton hopes will transform us as readers, who share the breath of life with all creatures, to care for Earth and its creatures as God intended for the fi rst humans in Eden. Daly-Denton has experienced, through her gardening and writing of this volume, that the Fourth Gospel is good news for Earth and all Earth beings. I recommend you go into a challenging garden and read this volume along with the Book of Nature! * NORMAN C. HABEL, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia * About the Author Margaret Daly-Dentons early career as a liturgical musician and an internationally published church composer led her to become a biblical scholar. She has recently retired from teaching New Testament at Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
Author: Jordan E. Miller
File Type: pdf
This book puts radical theology and political theology into an interdisciplinary conversation with sustained and serious readings of resistance. Using an anthropology of ritual as a common thread, Jordan E. Miller explores the reality of the relationship between political theology, radical theology, and political theory, action, and power without cynicism in a creative, forward-moving way. The first half of the book develops a radical political theology and the second half applies that theory to a series of social movements, including The AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP), Occupy Wall Street, and #BlackLivesMatter, and includes reflections on the events at Standing Rock, ND.