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In this video I consider sex differences in IQ scores. While average male and female IQ scores are comparable, there are differences in performance on certain types of tasks including verbal fluency, spatial ability, math problem-solving, use of complex prose, and others. There is also a difference in the distribution of IQ scores for males and females, with males showing greater variance and greater representation at the extremes of both low and high scores. Interpreting the consequences of these IQ differences is difficult, as there are sex differences in genes, hormones, interests, personality traits, and sociocultural expectations and pressures, all of which could be influencing outcomes such as career choices.
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In this video I introduce the concept of multidimensional scaling to investigate emotions more objectively. This approach involves considering emotional experiences on two dimensions; valence and level of physiological arousal. Valence refers to how strongly an emotion is experienced as positive or negative, and physiological arousal refers to markers such as heart rate, respiration, and sweat response.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rkJzgEGfBY
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In this video I describe several of the defense mechanisms theorized by Sigmund Freud and his daughter Anna Freud. These defense mechanisms provide ways of coping with anxiety, which could be reality anxiety, neurotic anxiety, or moral anxiety. While these defense mechanisms can easily be applied to everyday behaviors, literary or historical figures, or even oneself, it's important to remember that this doesn't mean these are necessarily correct explanations.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jfOGC-8KndQ
In this video I cover descriptive statistics and three measures of central tendency; the mean, median, and mode. The calculation of each is explained, as well as potential problems, such as the mean's sensitivity to extreme scores, especially in small samples. I also discuss the possibility of multimodal and uniform distributions.
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Enable closed-captioning or find a full transcript of this video here: http://www.psychexamreview.com/measures-of-central-tendency/
*I should clarify the example of a multimodal distribution that I used, the scores of 90 and 84 should be out of a larger group of students (more than 10) with other scores also occurring. If 90 and 84 were both the most-frequent scores then they would both be modes. If 90 and 84 were the only scores and they occurred equally then this would be a uniform distribution. Sorry for any confusion!
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m-bjMi2_9hw
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In this video I discuss prenatal development from conception until birth. This can be divided into the germinal stage, embryonic stage, and fetal stage. Conception occurs when a sperm cell and egg cell join to create a zygote, which then travels down the fallopian tube and attaches to the uterus. This then develops into an embryo with a heart and the beginnings of a body, then a fetus as it develops a skeleton and muscles. The womb environment can have important influences on development, particularly in the case of the negative effects of teratogens like lead, mercury, viruses, or drugs. Learning also begins to occur before birth, such as a fetus learning to recognize the sound of the mother's voice.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jmQBIcOBsh4
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In this video I describe one difficulty of assessing the accuracy of personality tests, which is that people's perceptions of accuracy are subjective. This was demonstrated by Bertram Forer, who gave participants false generic feedback from an assessment which was still rated as highly accurate. This tendency to find personal meaning in vague statements is known as the Forer Effect, or the Barnum Effect, after P.T. Barnum. This effect can also help us to understand the success of astrologers, psychics, and fortune-tellers, who rely on hazy predictions to swindle their victims.
Forer (1949) The Fallacy of Personal Validation: https://web.archive.org/web/20160305220420/http://apsychoserver.psych.arizona.edu/JJBAReprints/PSYC621/Forer_The%20fallacy%20of%20personal%20validation_1949.pdf
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Don’t forget to subscribe to the channel to see future videos! Have questions or topics you’d like to see covered in a future video? Let me know by commenting or sending me an email!
Check out my book, Master Introductory Psychology, an alternative to a traditional textbook: http://amzn.to/2eTqm5s
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NQnUvKZlXVQ
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In this video I describe homeostasis, which refers to maintenance of an optimal state, and allostasis, which clarifies that an optimal state is actually a range of possible states depending on context. Next I discuss Hans Selye's theory of General Adaptation Syndrome, which he derived from his work studying the effects of chronic stressors on rats. He found that many different chronic stressors all resulted in swollen adrenal glands, a smaller thymus, and peptic ulcers. He proposed a 3 stage process for coping with stressors: Alarm, Resistance, and Exhaustion. While not all of his conclusions have been validated today, Selye's work began investigation into the negative effects of chronic stress.
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Don’t forget to subscribe to the channel to see future videos! Have questions or topics you’d like to see covered in a future video? Let me know by commenting or sending me an email!
Need more explanation? Get volume 1 of my Master Introductory Psychology series here: http://amzn.to/2ENc44U
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gOWDJf9iguk
This video covers 10 practice multiple choice questions on the history of psychology and different approaches and subfields in psychology. I hope this can help you to review your knowledge and understanding, let me know if you have any suggestions for future practice and review videos!
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09n6EPCK3X8
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In this video I address the question of what causes IQ differences between people. This relates to the nature/nurture debate in considering the strength of genes and environment and these interact to shape intelligence. Twin and adoption studies allow us to assess these relationships and estimate the heritability of IQ. While heritability of IQ is generally estimated to be around .5, the Wilson Effect refers to the fact that heritability scores for IQ tend to increase throughout development. This snowballing effect of genes may relate to few extreme environments being included in most IQ research, the increasing freedom of people to seek out their own environments with age, and the possibility that different genes change their influence throughout development.
The Wilson Effect: https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/FF406CC4CF286D78AF72C9E7EF9B5E3F/S1832427413000546a.pdf/div-class-title-the-wilson-effect-the-increase-in-heritability-of-iq-with-age-div.pdf
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YS_2JTp0KhI
Full video here: https://youtu.be/dg1SYOJ8IBY
In this video I explain why the mean absolute deviation is accurate, but isn't commonly used. The reason for this is that the mean absolute deviation doesn't allow us to make predictions about the population and focuses solely on our sample. This is why the variance, which estimates for the population, is more commonly reported.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfZbwEtxZak